Depression Symptoms Treatment

November 9th, 2009 by admin

Drug interactions: cytochrome P450. Part 4

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CYP3A4 Isoenzyme Metabolism

The CYP3A enzyme family is composed of four isozymes involved with metabolism: CYP3A, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7. Of these, the CYP3A4 isozyme is the most common; however, these enzymes are so closely related, they are often referred to collectively by their subfamily name, CYP3A. The CYP3A enzyme family is responsible for hepatic metabolism of approximately 60% of currently available pharmaceutical agents.A significant quantity of CYP3A4 isozyme is present in the intestinal mucosa, especially in the duodenum, jejunum and, to a lesser extent, in the ileum. This isozyme is responsible for a majority of the first-pass metabolism of compounds. Common substrates for CYP3A4 include steroids, some tricyclic antidepressants, antifungals, benzodiazepines, calcium-channel blockers, hormones, macrolides, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), R-warfarin, etc. Inhibitors of CYP3A4 include some antifungals (e.g., azoles), antivirals (e.g., protease inhibitors), anticonvulsants, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (e.g., statins), macrolides, and verapamil. Inducers of CYP3A4 include glucocorticoids, rifampins, and some anticonvulsants. A comprehensive listing of drugs involved with CYP3A4 are listed in Table 1. To date, no data have been reported that suggest 3A4 isoenzymes exhibit genetic polymorphism.

Table 1
Cytochrome P450 3A4 Enzyme
Substrates Inducers Inhibitors
Alfentanil Itraconazole Carbamazepine Cimetidine
Alprazolam Ketoconazole Dexamethasone Clarithromycin
Amiodarone Lidocaine Ethosuximide Clotrimazole
Amlodipine Loratadine Isoniazid Delavirdine
Astemizole Lovastatin Nevirapine Diltiazem
Benzphetamine Mephenytoin Phenobarbital Erythromycin
Carbamazepine Miconazole Phenytoin Fluconazole
Cilostazol Midazolam Prednisone Fluoxetine
Cisapride Nefazodone Prednisone Fluvoxamine
Chlorpromazine Melfinavir Rifabutin / rifampicin Grapefruit juice (6, 7 – dihydroxybergamottin)
Clarithromycin Nevirapine Zafirlukast
Clonazepam Nicardipine Indinavir
Cocaine Nifedipine Intraconazole
Cortisol Omeprazole Ketoconazole
Cyclophosphamide Paclitaxel Metronidazole
Cyclosporine Paracetamol Mibefradil
Dantrolene Prednisone Miconazole
Dapsone Propafenone Nefazodone
Delavirdine Progosterone Nelfinavir
Dextromethorphan Quetiapine Nifedipine
Diazepam Quindine Norfloxacin
Digitoxin Ritonavir Omeprazole
Diltiazem Saquinavir Paroxetine
Disopyramide Sertraline Propoxyphene
Enalapril Simvastatin Quinine
Erythromycin Tacrolimus Ritonavir
Estradiol Tamoxifen Saquinavir
Estrogen Testosterone Sertraline
Ethosuximide Triazolam Troleandomycin
Ethylmorphine Venlafaxine Verapamil
Etoposide Verapamil
Felodipine Vinblastine
Flutamide Warfarin (Risomer)
Fluconazole Zolpidem
Indinavir

Some drug metabolism by the CYP3A4 isozyme in the intestinal tract can be inhibited by ingesting grapefruit juice, which contains bioflavonoids (e.g., quercetin, kaempferol, and naringenin). Some calcium-channel modulators (e.g., nitrendipine, nifedipine, and felodipine) and other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 may be affected. In one study the AUC for felodipine was increased two-to-three fold following oral administration along with grapefruit juice. The metabolism of buspirone, cyclosporine, terfenadine, midazolam, warfarin and caffeine can also be inhibited by grapefruit juice.

Pharmaceutical Care Plan
Problem: Elevated PT and INR, probably secondary to warfarin drug interactions with concurrent use of LMWH.
Subjective: JF, a 74 YOWM presents with acute onset of SOB, DOE and at rest. He is very anxious, has tachycardia and tachypnea, nonradiating chest pain, nonproductive cough, and elevated BP upon admission. After day six of anticoagulant therapy, both urine and stools tested positive for occult blood.
Objective: Diagnosis of proximal DVT in right leg and PE 10 days following knee replacement surgery confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography and VQ scan. Positive Homan’s sign. Baseline PT 12.9, INR 1.23. Baseline Hgb 15.6, Hct 46.2
On day 6 of therapy, PT 67.1, INR 6.3
On day 7 of therapy, PT >100, INR >9.96. Hgb 12.9, Hct 37.4
Assessment: Elevated PT, INR resulting in significant bleeding (Hgb drop of 2.7) secondary to drug-drug interactions with warfarin involving omeprazole and verapamil with concurrent use of LMWH. In part, LMWH use may have caused or increased the risk of bleeding.
MOA: Warfarin (R) is a substrate for CYP3A4 and 1A2. Warfarin (S) is a substrate for 2C9. The drug omeprazole is an inhibitor of CYP3A4, 1A2, and 2C9 710. These interactions probably resulted in significant inhibition of warfarin metabolism leading to elevated PTs & INRs. Giving FFP and vitamin K on day seven helped reversed warfarin effects, but led to warfarin resistance and low INRs on days nine and ten. Later in the course, the drug diltiazem was discontinued and verapamil was added. Verapamil is a CYP3A4 inhibitor thus leading to inhibition of warfarin metabolism and elevated INRs. After holding several doses of warfarin,INRs appear to be stabilizing.
Goals: Prevent progression of clot formation.
Obtain and maintain INRs in 2.5 to 3.5 range.
Avoid drugs that significantly interact with warfarin, use safer alternatives.
Prevent blood loss and restore Hgb and Hct near baseline levels.
Plan: One alternative to the drug omeprazole is using lansoprazole. To date, this drug has not been associated with significant interactions with warfarin. An alternative to using verapamil is diltiazem. Diltiazem will interact some with warfarin but the reaction is much milder and can usually be managed clinically. Control blood pressure at ~140/85. Become aware of drugs that significantly interact with warfarin. Avoid or use alternative drugs and/or manage expected interactions.
Follow-Up Monitoring: PTs and INRs, check urine and stools for occult blood loss. Bruising of skin and nosebleeds. S & Sxs of DVT and/or PE. CBCs. Drugs that interact with warfarin. Drugs that promote bleeding or decrease platelet function.

Synonyms of Buspirone:

Buspirona [INN-Spanish], Buspirone, Buspirone HCL, Buspironum [INN-Latin]

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Therapeutic classes of Buspirone:

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Dosage forms of Buspirone:

Form Route Strength
Tablet Oral

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