Histamine

The distribution in the human brain of neurons and their projections (arrows) containing histamine.

Serotonin

The distribution in the human brain of neurons and their projections (arrows) containing serotonin.

Bladder - Urinary Retention

Noradrenergic innervation of the urinary tract via sympathetic neurons leaving the spinal cord regulates bladder emptying via alpha 1 receptors.

Heart - Tachycardia

Noradrenergic innervation of the heart via sympathic neurons leaving the spinal cord regulates cardiovascular function, including heart rate, via beta 1 receptors.

Brainstem - Blood Pressure

Brainstem norepinephrine in cardiovascular centers controls blood pressure.

Cerebellum - Tremor

The noradrenergic projection from the locus coeruleus to the cerebellum may mediate motor movements, especially tremor.

Limbic - Energy Level, Agitation, Emotions

The noradrenergic projection from the locus coeruleus to limbic cortex may mediate emotions, as well as energy, fatigue, and psychomotor agitation or psychomotor retardation.

Frontal 2 - Attention

Other noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to frontal cortex are thought to mediate the effects of norepinephrine on attention, concentration, and other cognitive functions, such as working memory and the speed of information processing. Alpha 2 postsynaptic receptors may be important in transducing postsynaptic signals regulating attention in postsynaptic target neurons.

Frontal 1 - Depression

Some noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to frontal cortex are thought to be responsible for the regulatory actions of norepinephrine on mood. Beta 1 postsynaptic receptors may be important in transducing noradrenergic signals regulating mood in postsynaptic targets.

Norepinephrine

The distribution in the human brain of neurons and their projections (arrows) containing catecholamine neurotransmitters.